Vacuum thermoforming or vacuum deep-drawing is a production process for transformation of thermoplastics. In contrast to injection moulding, in which molten plastic granulate is injected through a nozzle into a form, the starting material for vacuum thermoforming is a plastic sheet. The sheet is heated to a thermo-elastic condition and soaked onto a tool. After cooling, sheet retains its new shape. The tool for vacuum thermoforming is less complex than for injection moulding, but the unit costs are a slightly higher. This makes vacuum thermoforming interesting for small or medium purchase amounts (sometimes well over 10000 pcs), where tooling costs are more significant than for quantities in the millions, and for larger products where injection moulding can be very expensive For large purchase amounts, vacuum thermoforming can compete with other techniques through the use ofmulti-tools.

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